Introduction
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"*Goma*," which means rubber, gum, or elastic in Spanish, is a two- or three-dimensional finite
element program currently being advanced and specialized for the analysis of manufacturing
flows and related processes that involve one or more transport fields, i.e., any combination of
heat, mass, momentum (solid and fluid) and species transport fields. Specifically, the processes
for which *Goma* is suited are those which contain free or moving boundaries between dissimilar
materials or phases. Whether determining the position of an interface whose motion is governed
by the underlying physics of the problem, or prescribing the dynamics of a boundary according to
user specified kinematics or geometry, the multiphysics approach on which *Goma* is based allows
for rapid convergence to the solution. Unique features which make this possible include: (1) a
Lagrangian-Eulerian solid mechanics module for mesh motion, (2) energy and chemical species
transport modules incorporating convection, diffusion and reaction, (3) fluid momentum transport
modules that are fully and mutually coupled, particularly with the mesh motion module through
an analytical Jacobian matrix, (3) a Newton-based solution algorithm (full and modified) which
exploits that Jacobian matrix, and (4) a structure which allows for different physical descriptions
of different materials in the same problem, i.e., conjugate problems. The scope of potentially
accessible problems defined by the interaction and close coupling of the individual field equation
sets is partially shown in Figure 1 (note that missing from this figure are the fully coupled,
partially saturated porous deformable media module and overall variable density mass balance
modules). The analytical Jacobian matrix which provides the coupling facilitates a range of
computer-aided nonlinear analyses such as parametric sensitivity (stability), design, and
optimization as it provides the building blocks (through chain-rule differentiation) for evaluating
sensitivities of process variables to processing conditions.

*Goma* originated in 1994 from an early version of *MP_SALSA* (Shadid, et. al., 1995), a finite
element program designed to simulate chemically reacting flows in massively-parallel computing
environments. As a point-of-departure, *Goma* was originally extended and adapted to free and
moving boundary problems in fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and mass transfer. By virtue of a
novel mesh motion algorithm based on Lagrangian solid elasticity, many multiphysics problems
involving nonlinear elasticity and viscoplasticity in combination with other transport phenomena
are now accessible. The detailed algorithm and underlying physical principles of the moving
mesh scheme together with several advanced examples from capillary hydrodynamics, melting
and solidification, and polymer processing may be found elsewhere (Sackinger, et. al., 1995;
Cairncross, et al., 1995; Chen, et. al., 1995; Cairncross, et. al., 2000; Baer, et. al., 2000; Schunk
and Rao, 1994; Bertram, et. al., 1998; Schunk, et. al., 2002).

Since the original publication of the GOMA 2.0 manual (see Schunk, et. al., 1998) work has
further focused on concentrated chemical species transport (neutral and charged species) and
Eulerian front tracking schemes for large material deformation problems. As in all other
developments, these capabilities are being implemented in a fully-coupled way using Newton’s
method. A concerted effort to bring these capabilities to bear on real-life problems has led to the
addition of many esoteric features that address capillary wetting, phase change, charge neutrality,
multicomponent species transport, and a host of other physical features. The best way to survey
the available features is to consult the large library of reports, technical memoranda, tutorials, and
other advanced feature manuals (e.g. Gates, et. al., 2000; Schunk, et. al., 1998; Rao, et. al., 2001;
see *Goma* Documentation List in the Appendix), most of which are linked together with this
manual in the CD version of the *Goma* Document System currently under development.

.. figure:: /figures/001_goma_physics.png
	:align: center
	:width: 90%

	Main physics modules of Goma, their coupling and examples of
	potential applications.

Most recent developments, from 2006 through 2012, that are noteworthy are an extensive library
of thin-shell physics/equations and accompanying boundary conditions, triangle and tetrahedral
elements, phase-field modeling, parallel processing improvements and more. On the thin shell
equations, the capability is fully coupled with continuum element equations. We have
implemented theory and equations for Reynold’s lubrication (laminar or turbulent), thin-shell
energy, thin-porous media, and surface rheology.

The purpose of this report is to provide a practical introduction and reference to *Goma*; to
introduce the user to the range of options available in *Goma*; to show how easily the code may be
adapted to investigate novel situations; and to provide a link to several simple illustrative
examples as a tutorial and as a demonstration of the overall utility of the program. By design this
is a reference manual which is best navigated together with a tutorial on the class of problems
being addressed. It is recommended that perusal be undertaken section by section, consulting the
individual input records as needed for a given problem.